From huebert@soest.hawaii.edu Tue Mar 3 21:06:12 1998 Received: from okika.soest.hawaii.edu (okika.soest.hawaii.edu [128.171.154.11]) by ROSSBY.METR.ou.edu (8.8.6/8.8.6) with ESMTP id VAA21847 for ; Tue, 3 Mar 1998 21:06:09 -0600 (CST) Received: from huebert.soest.hawaii.edu (huebert.soest.hawaii.edu [128.171.154.4]) by okika.soest.hawaii.edu (8.8.7/8.8.5) with SMTP id RAA13806; Tue, 3 Mar 1998 17:05:49 -1000 (HST) Date: Tue, 3 Mar 1998 14:41:39 -1000 () From: Barry Huebert To: Seon Ki Park cc: Barry Huebert Subject: Re: ACE-Asia AMON Report In-Reply-To: <199712011544.JAA13567@ROSSBY.METR.ou.edu> Message-ID: X-Sender: huebert@okika.soest.hawaii.edu MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO Dear Seon Ki Park: Attached is the text of the report we (finally!) have prepared from our Nagoya ACE-Asia Planning Meeting. It summarizes most of what is known about the nature of the experiment at this time. Your synopsis might just say that "ACE-Asia is a two-year observational program sponsored by the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program, with intensive observation periods in the springs of 2000 and 2001. It is aimed at characterizing the physical, chemical, and radiative properties of aerosols in Asian outflow to the Pacific and at quantifying the processes that control those aerosol concentrations. The overall objective is to make models of aerosol radiative forcing of climate more realistic. Details can be found in the Nagoya Meeting Report." Barry Huebert On Mon, 1 Dec 1997, Seon Ki Park wrote: > Dear Prof. Barry J. Huebert, > > I am the editor of "Asian Meteorology Online Newsletter (AMON)" which is > published on the Web. I recently noticed that there exists a nice project > called "ACE-Asia" and you are one of the main organizers. I wonder if I could > invite you to write a short article about ACE-Asia for our "Articles/Reports" > section. Also I wonder if you have a summary of the "Planning Meeting" held > at Nagoya, Japan on November. If you have a summary of that meeting, I would > like to put it in our "Conference/Workshop Report" section. > Please have a chance to visit the AMON's home page at: > > http://rossby.metr.ou.edu/~spark/AMON/ > > and let me know if you can accept my suggestion. Thank you. > > Sincerely, > > Seon Ki Park > > -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > Seon Ki Park, Ph.D. > Editor, Asian Meteorology Online Newsletter (AMON) > http://rossby.metr.ou.edu/~spark/AMON/ > spark@rossby.metr.ou.edu, skpark@bluesky.ecas.ou.edu > ---------------- ACE-Asia Nagoya Planning Meeting Report About 60 scientists from 12 countries met in Nagoya, Japan from 14-16 November, 1997 to share their ideas about ACE-Asia, an Asian Aerosol Characterization Experiment. The group outlined the major aerosol issues for the region and assessed their capabilities for studying various types of aerosols as they move from Asia over the Pacific Ocean. The agenda included: Reports of objectives from the IGAC aerosol-related Activities and APARE, Reports on ACE-1 and ACE-2, Meteorological overviews, A presentation of interests by every attendee, Discussions of resources and sampling-platform availability, Reports from each country on their interests and resources, and A discussion of logistical issues. While our limited time did not allow us to refine the strategy for addressing each of the issues, working groups were formed to do so. One of the firmest conclusions of the Nagoya meeting is that ACE-Asia should be a much broader experiment than the brief intensive land, ship, and aircraft experiments of ACE-1. A two-year observing period (probably including calendar years 2000 and 2001) would allow interannual time-series observations at a network of surface sites. The potential to record seasonal changes in the spatial distributions of aerosols and their precursors is a truly exciting one. By activating a relatively dense set of surface sites in China, Korea, Japan and a series of islands (and then supplementing this with occasional ship and aircraft observations) we could generate a data set that would be an excellent challenge for chemical transport and aerosol dynamics models. The two-year observation period would also allow for shipborne and airborne experiments to take place in several seasons, with emphasis on the springtime in both years for studying the nature and extent of aerosol and aerosol-precursor outflow from Asia. The two main foci of the experiment will be industrial and mineral aerosol and their evolution over the Pacific. Goals and Objectives: We reaffirmed that the goals of ACE-Asia are to determine and understand the properties and controlling factors of the aerosol in the anthropogenically modified atmosphere of Eastern Asia and the Northwest Pacific and to assess their relevance for radiative forcing. To achieve this goal, ACE-Asia will pursue these specific objectives: Objective 1. To determine the physical, chemical, radiative, and cloud nucleating properties of the major aerosol types (especially mineral and anthropogenic aerosols) in the Eastern Asia and Northwest Pacific region and investigate the relationships between these properties. Objective 2. To quantify the physical and chemical processes controlling the evolution of the major aerosol types and in particular of their physical, chemical, radiative, and cloud nucleating properties as they move from Asia to the Pacific Ocean. Objective 3. To develop and test aerosol process, radiative transfer, and regional and global climate models for extrapolating aerosol properties and processes from local to regional and global scales, and assess the regional direct and indirect radiative climate forcing by aerosols in the Eastern Asia and Northwest Pacific region.. Major Themes Organics and Elemental Carbon The discussions about carbonaceous aerosols were particularly stimulating. The recent Tarfox results, in which more than half of the FT aerosol mass in North American outflow was found to be carbonaceous, make it clear that we must do a much better job of characterizing organics than has been done in most previous experiments. Kawamura's efforts to quantify the molecular composition of lipids and oxygenated species opened up a new range of potential analytical methods for consideration. Cahill and Perry offered to organize an organic intercomparison workshop. Mineral Aerosol Springtime Kosa events, in which eastern Asia is blanketed with mineral aerosol, are one of the most obvious impacts of Asian aerosol. These events have long been known to deliver dust to the central Pacific, potentially providing an important fraction of biologically-important iron to the north Pacific. Recently these aerosols have generated additional interest because of their absorption of radiation: they tend to cool over low-albedo surfaces (such as the oceans) but have a warming effect over snow and clouds. The evolution of these aerosols as they pass from source regions is of particular interest, since the adsorption of soot and sulfate from polluted air and seasalt from marine air should change their radiative properties as well as their tendency to form cloud droplets and to be scavenged by precipitation. Modeling The modeling group, under the leadership of John Seinfeld, is already helping to design the experiment to make it the most useful test of a variety of model types. It is envisioned that hemispheric-scale chemical transport models with fairly complete aerosol dynamics will be available by the 2001 time frame. Both the intensive and network observations will be directed toward improving aerosol process, radiative transfer, and regional and global climate models. Lagrangian Observations Lagrangian experiments may have to take a different form from those in ACE-1 and ACE-2. The airspace over the Yellow Sea is full of military warning zones, which makes it impossible to ensure access by research aircraft when meteorological conditions happen to be ideal for following an airmass. We could follow air east from Japan, though. And we could follow some air masses that come from the Yangtse River industrial region and the deserts. We could also do some Lagrangian observations from (mostly) ground sites, in which we identify after the fact the airmasses that passed first over one observation site and then another on a different landmass. Karsten Suhre, in part as a result of the trajectory modeling he has undertaken in the region, has proposed a Qindao - Cheju-Island - Southern Japan pseudo-Lagrangian experiment of this type. His letter suggesting this idea can be found on our web site at: http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/aceasia/ It might be possible to do this in 2000 and 2001. Those of us who are hoping to operate from mobile platforms in 2001 might try to put extra equipment at surface sites or on ships or aircraft in spring 2000, which would also help us to standardize our protocols and try methods that might be used during the 2001 intensive observing period (IOP). In 2001 both NSF and NASA aircraft and a NOAA ship might support radiative closure, Lagrangian evolution, photochemical, and removal experimental designs. The two targets for understanding are the evolution of urban/industrial emissions and Kosa events. Surface Measurement Network A network of surface sites will form the backbone of ACE-Asia. The potential sites are listed below in the Potential Platforms section. Most of these sites have been or are being used for some other sampling programs. The old Searex sites, for instance, would need to be reactivated, while active sites may need only to add a few new instruments to their existing activities. Since the extent of the dust impact is observed every spring as far away as the Aleutians and Hawaii, it was decided that these should form the northern and eastern boundaries of the network. The western boundary would be near the Chinese deserts (the dust source regions) and the southern boundary would be around 20-30 N, to avoid the trade winds and focus on outflow. For these network measurements to be useful, at least one common measurement needs to be made at each site. One simple possibility would be a daily filter sample, using the same substrate at every site, with an omnidirectional inlet of known cut size (maybe 1 um). As long as this were sufficiently inexpensive, it could be replicated at all the surface sites, so that one observation would be directly comparable between them. If some sites only operate a part of the year, they would limit this filter sampling to the times they were active. Alongside this sampler each site would continue with their usual measurement protocols, so the remainder of the instruments at each site might be quite diverse. Intercomparison of instruments from multiple sites will be an important part of the network's quality control. Instrument Intercomparisons Defendable, comparable measurements of both organic and mineral aerosols from surface and airborne platforms will be critical for achieving a number of our objectives. An organics task force, led by Cahill and Kawamura, is starting to talk about observing methods and intercomparison experiments. The mineral aerosol group will likewise need to settle on a set of observational strategies that offer enough commonality of inlet efficiency and accuracy that differences between sites can be attributed to sources, processing, and sinks, rather than experimental uncertainty. We would urge as many groups as possible to partake in intercomparison experiments, to get their CN counters and particle sizers tweaked up to perform similarly. While every measurement will be welcomed, those data that can be traced to intercompared instruments will be given a "quality- checked" flag in the data base. This will enable modelers to know what apparent concentration differences are the least likely to be the result of instrumental calibration variations. The value of all the data we generate will be limited in part by the extent to which we have verified its quality. Without these quality control and intercomparison exercises, simultaneous data collection from a variety of sites is of little value. Satellite Issues In addition to the many ways that ACE-Asia will benefit from the use of satellites, it will be very important for satellite validation: Spherical vs non-spherical model assumptions yield completely different angstrom exponent in the aerosol models used in the atmospheric correction algorithms. This implies a huge uncertainty for retrievals of dust concentrations. We need actual phase- function measurements for this purpose, and measurements of chemical composition vs size to validate them. This will also be an excellent data set against which to test land aerosol retrievals. Indirect Effect Since the cloud dynamics off Asia (more convective and a higher cloud optical depth) will be very different from the stratocumulus cases observed in ASTEX and FIRE, the cloud radiation data will be completely new. We need to know the sensitivity of the cloud droplet number concentration to aerosol concentrations in the vicinity of China. Thus, ACE-Asia will offer an excellent opportunity to study the cloud/aerosol relationship in a new setting. Working Groups Working groups were formed to address several issues in the experiment. In some cases these groups will focus on technique development and standardization prior to the field phase, while others may be devoted to defining observational strategies for achieving particular objectives. The composition of each working group (as of the Nagoya meeting) is listed at the end of this report. All are open to anyone who wants to participate actively: express your interest to the designated Leader of any group to which you would like to make a contribution. CN/CCN: Gras (Lead), Grace, Clarke, Covert, Bates, Flagan, Hobbs, Ishizaka Sizing: Huebert (Lead), Perry, Hobbs, Clarke, Covert, Bates, H. Jonsson, Ishizaka, Cahill [This may need to be split into physical and chemical sizing techniques.] Organics: Kawamura and Cahill (Co-Leads), Seinfeld, Bates, Hu Ming, Keene, Ishizaka, Zhu Ions: Quinn (Lead), Keene, Huebert, Husain, ten Brink, Lee, Y. Kim, Hu Ming, Ishizaka Mineral dust (including trace elements and radionucleotides): Anderson and Arimoto (Co-Leads), Uematsu, Husain, Gao, Wang Mingxing, Y. Kim, Quinn Radiation: Nakajima (Lead), Durkee, Grace, Mas Jietai, L. Daren & Li Fang, Hobbs Ground Stations: Gras and Ogren (Co-Leads), Keene, Uematsu, Perry, ten Brink (for Penky U. Eng. Sci.), Lee, Gao, Y. Kim, Zhu, Huebert, Arimoto, Hu Ming Modeling: Seinfeld (Lead), Chin, Suhre, Sander Potential Platforms Of course at this stage of the planning, these are all proposed sites and platforms. Only a few have firm commitments for the ACE-Asia time-frame. Surface Sites (with at least one common measurement at each) Korea Kosan, Cheju Island, Yellow Sea (60 m & 1100 m) Anmyundo Island, Yellow Sea Donghae, East Coast Tae-ahn, Kangwha, Yangyang, & Koje China GAW Sites (e.g., Waliguan, 3810 m asl, a FT baseline observatory like MLO) Qingdao, coastal, near Korea Yellow Mtn, W of Shanghai (APARE) China MAP Sites in the Yangtze delta Hong Kong Taiwan - CAT Station (?) Japan APARE Network Oki Island - towards Korea Mt. Norikura, Japan Alps - corona observatory at 2600 m Okinawa - North tip may be leaseable Chichijima Island, weekly access by ship Marcus Island, E of Chichijima at 25N 155E, a GAW site US Arimoto sites, Oahu, Guam, etc. Aleutians, maybe even Cheeka Peak? Aircraft US NSF/NCAR C-130 Huebert ONR Pelican-CIRPAS Seinfeld/Durkee ONR Altus Seinfeld/Durkee UW C-580 Hobbs Japan Marlin IV Okada G-II Ogawa Beech B-200 Ogawa Australia ARA Kingair Grace Grob Egret Grace UK MRF C-130 Johnson China Rental possibilities? (Gras and Ogawa are checking) This may be the only way to get vertical profiles near dust sources. Russia Rental possibilities? (Sokolik is checking) Ships US NOAA Ron Brown Bates Japan Mirai Uematsu Hakuho Maru Uematsu Tansei Maru Uematsu Korea Onuuri Lee Eardo Lee China Unknown, but some interest Huang Jing (via Uematsu) Taiwan Possible interest Satellites >From the standoint of ground-truthing satellites, validation campaigns will be needed for: TRMM, EOS-AM, ADEOS-2, MSG-1, DMS (lidar), Chinese FY2 & GMS, a Korean ocean color sensor, and a Taiwanese satellite. Logistics Jim Ragni of NCAR's Research Aviation Facility briefed the meeting on aircraft operations issues. The Yellow Sea is a very difficult place to operate aircraft, because it is full of military warning zones. He emphasized the importance of early coordination with the air traffic control offices of all the neighboring countries for maximizing our ability to get access to airspace. The heaviest logistical demands will occur during the springtime intensives. Certainly during the 2001 IFO we will need to have an Operations Center to manage planning and coordination of the aircraft and ships. Possible locations for this Ops Center include Fukuoka, Hokkaido, Nagoya, and Okinawa. Karyn Sawyer and Dick Dirks of the UCAR Joint Office of Science Support led a discussion of issues ranging from network communications in the field to shipping and customs, travel and lodging, office and meeting space, weather forecasting support, aircraft issues, and project database management. JOSS is capable of handling any subset of these issues that we elect to delegate to them. Management Structure [As of the preparation of this report, this structure is being proposed to the IGAC SSC for approval. Therefore, it is not yet official.] We propose that the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) consist of the Convenors of the IGAC Activities APARE, DARF, ACI, SUTA, APARE, and MAGE, plus the chair of each ACE-Asia National Committee. As various major observing platforms confirm their participation, the SSC membership would be expanded as needed to assure representation for that platform. The SSC will appoint an Executive Committee to manage the experiment. An International Committee of high-ranking scientific officials will also be formed to deal with matters of funding and protocol in the various countries. The makeup of that committee is under discussion. Tentative Schedule Jul 1998 Publish White Paper Aug 1998 FAA Meetings in Seattle to refine Plans Mar 1999 S&IP Draft on Web Apr 1999 PI Meeting in Asia, Site Surveys Jul 1999 First Science & Impl. Plan on Web Jun-Dec 1999 Instrumentation itercomparison Workshops Nov 1999 Steering Committee Meeting Jan 2000-Dec 2001 Surface Network Operations Mar-Apr 2000 First Intensive Field Operations Dry Run for 2nd IFO Nov 2000 PI Meeting in Asia Mar-Apr 2001 Second Intensive Field Operations Major US platforms participate Jan 2002 Archiving, Data Workshops, etc. For Further Information Refer to our web site: http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/aceasia/ for updates and plans for future meetings. To contribute your ideas about particular scientific foci, communicate with the Leaders of the working groups below. Participants List Attendees Japan Kimitaka Kawamura, Hokkaido Univ. Mitsuo Uematsu, ORI, Univ. of Tokyo, Yoshimi Suzuki, Shizuoka Univ., Hajime Akimoto, RCAST, Univ. Tokyo, Teruyuki Nakajima, CCSR, Univ. Tokyo, Toshio Ogawa, Univ. Tokyo, Shigeru Tanaka, Keio Univ. Atushi Numaguti, CCSR, Univ. Tokyo, Yoko Yokouchi, NIES, Kenjiro Toyota, Kyoto Univ., toyota@dpac.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp Sachiko Hayashida, Nara Womens' Univ., sachiko@ics.nara-wu.ac.jp Kikuo Okada, MRI, kokada@jma.go.jp Natsuhiko Motomura, ESTO, motomura@or.esto.or.jp Takasi Ishizaka, Nagoya Univ., ishizaka@ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp Hiroaki Minoura, mono@atmos.tytlabs.co.jp Tetunori Baba, ESTO, Ippei Nagao, Nagoya Univ., M. Tabata, Toyama Nat'l College of Technol., Rovert Holler, Kyoto Univ., Graduate School of Energy Sci., hoeller@vji.energy.kyoto-u.ac.jp Takuya Saito, Hokkaido Univ., takuya@soya.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp China Daizhou Zhang, Center of Envir. Sci, Peking Univ., Beijing 100871, China Lingxi Zhou, Institute of Atmospheric Chemistry, Beijing, China Qin Yu, Dept of Geophyscs, Peking Univ., Beijing 100871, China, ginyu@sunrise.pku.edu.cn Korea Gangwoog Lee, Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies, Korea, gwlee@san.hufs.ac.kr Yong P. Kim, KIST, Global Environmental Res. Center, yong@kistmail.kist.re.kr USA Richard Arimoto, CEMRC, New Mexico State Univ., arimoto@cemrc.nmsu.edu Jim Anderson, Dept of Chemistry & Biochemisry, Arizona State Univ., janderson@asu.edu Barry Huebert , Department of Oceanography, Univ. of Hawaii, Patricia Quinn, NOAA/PMEL,Seattle, fax: 206-526-6744, Tim Bates, NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Lab., Seattle, Kevin D. Perry, Crocker Nuclear Lab., Univ. California, Davis, perry@crocker.ucdavis.edu Karyn Sawyer, Univ. Corporation for Atmospheric Research, karyn@ucar.edu John Seinfeld, Calf. Inst. of Technology, fax: john@aeolus.che.caltech.edu Phil Durkee, Naval Postgraduate School, durkee@nps.navy.mil Dan Jaffe, Univ. of Washington, djaffe@u.washington.edu John Ogren, NOAA/CMDL, johno@cmdl.noaa.gov Thomas A. Cahill, Crocker Hoclear Lab. Univ. Calif., Davis, tacahill@ucdavis.edu Randy Johnson, NOAA/ARLFRD, Idaho Falls, ID, randy@noaa.inel.gov Irina Sokolik, Univ.of Colorado at Boulder, sokolik@alcor. colorado.edu Mian Chin, Georgia Inst. of Tech & NASA Goddard SFC, chin@rondo.gsfc.nasa.gov Bill Keene, Dept. Environ. Sci., Univ. of Virginia, wck@virginia.edu Jim Ragni, NCAR, Research Aviation Facility, ragni@ucar.edu Lee Husain, Wadsworth Center/SUNY, Albany, NY, husain@wadsworth.gov Richard Dirks, UCAR, dirks2@ucar.edu Brigitte Baeuerle, NCAR/ATD, baeuerle@ucar.edu Denise Mauzerall, NCAR/ACD, dlm@ucar.edu Don Thornton, Drexel Univ. dct@ac2.chemistry.drexel.edu Yuan Gao, Rutgers Univ., yuangao@ahab.rutgers.edu Peter Hobbs, Univ. of Washington, phobbs@atmos.washington.edu Canada Tong Zhu, Agriculture Canada, zhutong@em.agr.ca Shao-Meng Li, Atmospheric Environ. Serv., Environment Canada, shao-meng.li@ec.gc.ca Australia Warwick Grace, Airborne Research Australia, arawg@es.flinders.edu.au Steve Siems, Monash University, Australia, s.siems@scl.manash.edu.au John Gras,CSIRO, jlg@dar.csiro.au Europe Frank Raes, Environment Institute, JRC, EC, frank.raes@jrc.it Harry ten Brink, Nitherland Energy Res.Fdtion, tenbrink@ecn.nl Jost Heintzenberg, ITF, Leipzig, jost@trops.de Karsten Suhre, CNRS, France, suhk@aero.obs-mip.fr Russia Vassili F. Michoukov, Pacific Oceanolog. Institute, Vladivostok, Russia, fax:4232-312573 Ygor Granvery, Insitute of Atmopsheric Physics, RAS, Moscow, Russia India Prasad,B.S.N., Dept of Physics, Univ. of Mysore, Mysore, 570009, India, fax:91-821-421263 Investigators who could not attend but sent material to the meeting or were listed as Co- investigators by attendants: Antony Clarke, US Lynn Russell, US R. Hamilton, UK B. Gorbunov, UK Ankilov, Russia J. Slanina, Netherlands T. Choularton, UK Yoko Yokouchi, Japan Jorg Jensen, Australia Hilton Swan, Australia Stuart Whittlestone, New Zealand [??] Jim Galloway, US John Maben, US Alex Pszenny, US Ron Prinn, US Rolf Sander, Germany Paul Crutzen, Germany N V Raju, India B Naiasimhamurthy, India Jeff Collett, US Herman Sievering, US Y J Kim, Korea Brian Toon, US Jorg Hacker, Australia Darren Lu, PRC Fang Li, PRC Mao Jeitai, PRC Robert Rosset, France N F Elansky, Russia I G Granberg, Russia Dean Hegg, US Bob Duce, US Mark Rood, US